Outbreak of War in Europe in 1914

Introduction The World War I began when Austria-Hungary declared war against Serbia. However, it later spread all over Europe, especially in Germany, Russia, The Great Britain, and France due to the fact that these countries had formed alliances to defend each other in times of war. Over eight million people died in this Great War.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Outbreak of War in Europe in 1914 specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Factors that led to World War I Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand was the main cause of the outbreak of the war. Ferdinand was assassinated together with his wife by a Serbian nationalist in Sajarevo. He is believed to have been assassinated because Serbia wanted to take control of Bosnia and Herzegovina, however, Austria-Hungary had already taken control of the region. The assassination led to the war between Serbia and Austria-H ungary and with Russia trying to defend Serbia, Germany declared war on Russia and it spread all over with the formation of alliances. Militarism Tension between the European nations in the late 19th and early 20th centuries resulted into an arms race. Germany and The Great Britain had a large military buildup by having a large number of navies which had a great influence on the public. The increase in militarism between the states pushed the countries into war. Imperialism The development of intricate alliances and counter alliances among European nations ignited war among them. The European nations increased their wealth by acquiring additional territories. These European nations were interested in Africa and some parts of Asia due to the availability of raw materials. The increased competition and the aspiration of greater emperors led to confrontations which later led to World War I. Nations like the United Kingdom and France amassed great wealth in the 19th century through thei r command of trade in foreign resources, colonies and slaves. Since Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy, and Russia wanted to achieve the same growth as France and the UK, an Anglo-German rivalry developed as each nation sought more territories, especially in Africa. Rivalry also occurred in trade routes. Nationalism Nationalism among different countries all through Europe led not only to the start of the war but also to the extension of the war all over Europe. Each nation was convinced that their country was the most superior and this resulted into hostilities among them. For instance, France turned against Germany while Russian turned against Austrian.Advertising Looking for term paper on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Strong feelings of nationalism created hatred and hostilities among the European nations. The hostilities were mainly felt in the Balkans after Archduke Frank Ferdinand’s assassination. The tensi on seemed to have been resolved but one month later Germany supported Austria to cut off relations with Serbia whereas Russia defended Serbia. Mutual defense Alliances All countries throughout Europe had mutual defense agreements that were intended to bring protection. When Austria- Hungary declared war on Serbia, Russia came in to defend Serbia and this move irked Germany which later declared war on Russia. France joined the war to fight against Germany and Austria-Hungary. Consequently, France was attacked by Germany through Belgium and this dragged Britain into the war. The war continued spreading and soon, Japan joined the war followed by Italy and the United States. U.S. involvement in the War The US had remained neutral in the war until April 1917 when it declared war on Germany. The introduction of unrestricted submarine warfare by the Germans made President Wilson to ask congress to join the war against Germany. Prior to this request, shipd belonging to the US had been attac ked in the Atlantic Ocean by German forces. The sinking of the Lusitania resulted in the death of 128 Americans on board and this pushed the US on the wall, ultimately, they decided to wage war on Germany. Alfred Zimmerman’s attempt to provoke Mexico and Japan to attack the US with A promise of help from Germans also made the U.S. into joining the world war because they had to intercept the Germans’ proposal to Mexico. The United States’ entry into the war was inevitable because they had to support their allies. Besides, it had to protect its economy and also to keep peace in Europe. Conclusion Despite the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria, successor to the Austro-Hungarian throne, and his wife being the main reason for the war in Europe, there are other reasons that led to WW1. These include nationalism, materialism, imperialism and defense alliances and so on. These factors led to hostilities between the European nations and ultimately led t o the world’s deadliest war in history. The US was not initially involved in the war, but in the latter stages, it got involved to protect its allies and interests. Bibliography Bass, Herbert, America’s Entry into World War I. New York: Holt Rinehart and Winston, 1964. Cipriano, Anne, The United States in the First World War. New York: Garland Publishing, Inc., 1995.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Outbreak of War in Europe in 1914 specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Pope, Steven, and Elizabeth-Anne Wheal, The Dictionary of The First World War. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1995. This term paper on Outbreak of War in Europe in 1914 was written and submitted by user Jefferson U. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

buy custom Why Democracies Need an Unlovable Press essay

buy custom Why Democracies Need an Unlovable Press essay The topic presented is to discuss on how does Michael Schudsons argument about the place of expertise in democratic government and politics echo his skepticism about idealist understandings of democracy and his realist advice about taking the culture and institutions of representative government seriously. Schudson considers analysis as one of the key roles in which journalists help in breaking down important events into something more comprehensible to the public. Schudson acknowledges social empathy as the human interest story. The book entitled Why Democracies Need an Unlovable Press was written by a Guggenheim fellowno other than Michael Schudson. Michael Schudson is a distinguished professor of the Dept. of Communication at University of California in San Diego. Hes a professor of Communication at the Graduate School of Journalism, Columbia University. Hes great works has lead him to be a regular contributor in the Columbia Journalism Review, The American Prospect and the OpEd pages of the New York Times. He was known for his provocative essays pertaining journalism and democracy making him to be one of the recipients of MacArthur Foundation genius award winners. His outstanding book, Why Democracies Need an Unlovable Press has been a blockbuster. The main topic of this book covers about journalism and democracy and the relationship between each other with the following question: Journalism does not create democracy and democracy does not invent journalism, but what is the relationship media but viewing them with comparison to bring out a fair context with understanding that news is centered between them? The book focused on U.S. on story-telling with facts on varied controversies about the current knowledge today and its function. It deals on whether experts should have a responsibility in governing a state in democratic perspective through unbiased news in a lively and provocative manner and straightforward with rich understanding of journalism. Michael Schudson defended the establishment of American Newspaper and its relevance to democracy through his essays. Through this form, Michael Schudson managed to support an argument as to the significance of democratic pres. Schudson argues on the importance of news to relay information to the public which is the most common goal in a democracy to identify government officials who are accountable to public scrutiny. Schudson considers analysis as one of the key roles in which journalists help in breaking down important events into something more comprehensible to the public. Schudson acknowledges social empathy as the human interest story but other than that, they are mainly used as possible electors to gain social change. Democracies Need an Unloovable Press Its a strange title, Michael, What do you mean by it? Schudson answered that it was indeed and that it was intended to provokebut it originally came from Alexis de Tocqueville, who was widely quoted with such quotation that quote: the press in America is a building block essential to democracy. And that gets repeated at journalism banquets all over the countrythough he made some addendum as an afterthought saying that journalism is very relevant for America specifically the newspaper not for its goodness because he himself finds it cantankerously obnoxious and violent, but for preventing bad things that could possibly happen which he thinks as absolutely of utmost importance but unlovable. Obviously, journalism is being used as a public forum where the peoples voices are represented as one to air their grievances or as vigilantes to those who are in the government position for check and balance purposes in the true spirit of democracy. Schudson is determined to the awareness of protecting the minority rights in the interest of ordinary people. He further challenges the advancement of liberal democracy in journalism to politically cover institutions which were not given importance through a certain process called horizontal accountability in which the press conduct surveillance not just during elections but how the team members of respective institutions coordinate with each other. Furthermore, Schudson encourages new goals as advancement for the press which is ideal for democracy. Buy custom Why Democracies Need an Unlovable Press essay

The Doppler Effect for Sound Waves

The Doppler Effect for Sound Waves The Doppler effect is a means by which wave properties (specifically, frequencies) are influenced by the movement of a source or listener. The picture to the right demonstrates how a moving source would distort the waves coming from it, due to the Doppler effect (also known as Doppler shift). If youve ever been waiting at a railroad crossing and listened to the train whistle, youve probably noticed that the pitch of the whistle changes as it moves relative to your position. Similarly, the pitch of a siren change as it approaches and then passes you on the road. Calculating the Doppler Effect Consider a situation where the motion is oriented in a line between the listener L and the source S, with the direction from the listener to the source as the positive direction. The velocities vL and vS are the velocities of the listener and source relative to the wave medium (air in this case, which is considered at rest). The speed of the sound wave, v, is always considered positive. Applying these motions, and skipping all the messy derivations, we get the frequency heard by the listener (fL) in terms of the frequency of the source (fS): fL [(v vL)/(v vS)] fS If the listener is at rest, then vL 0.If the source is at rest, then vS 0.This means that if neither the source nor the listener are moving, then fL fS, which is exactly what one would expect. If the listener is moving toward the source, then vL 0, though if its moving away from the source then vL 0. Alternately, if the source is moving toward the listener the motion is in the negative direction, so vS 0, but if the source is moving away from the listener then vS 0. Doppler Effect and Other Waves The Doppler effect is fundamentally a property of the behavior of physical waves, so there is no reason to believe that it applies only to sound waves. Indeed, any sort of wave would seem to exhibit the Doppler effect. This same concept can be applied not only to light waves. This shifts the light along the electromagnetic spectrum of light (both visible light and beyond), creating a Doppler shift in light waves that is called either a redshift or blueshift, depending on whether the source and observer are moving away from each other or toward each other. In 1927, the astronomer Edwin Hubble observed the light from distant galaxies shifted in a manner that matched the predictions of the Doppler shift and was able to use that to predict the speed with which they were moving away from the Earth. It turned out that, in general, distant galaxies were moving away from the Earth more quickly than nearby galaxies. This discovery helped convince astronomers and physicists (including ​Albert Einstein) that the universe was actually expanding, instead of remaining static for all eternity, and ultimately these observations led to the development of the big bang theory.

Western architecture 1100-1650AD Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Western architecture 1100-1650AD - Essay Example The aim of building the tower of Pisa is to provide a self-supporting bell tower for the nearby cathedral, Piazza del Duomo, located in Pisa. The objective of the builders of the bell tower is to provide a media for informing worshipers in the Pisa on matters of church schedule. Skillful and renowned architects from the 12th century will design the building. They will use their unique skills to harmonize Romanesque and Gothic styles into the tower. A lot of experts are predicted to play a role in the construction of the building; the move has attracted Galileo a scientist who has stated that he will complete his experiment on gravity using the building2. The Pisa tower is among the four buildings that will compose the cathedral complex at Pisa in Italy known as Campo dei Mira coli which refers to a field of miracles. The first building that will be constructed at Piazza dei Mira coli will be the cathedral locally known as the Duomo di Pisa. The building will rest on a purely white limestone pavement and will be a remarkable display of Romanesque architecture. On the west side of the dome a baptistery will also be constructed. Officially the work campanile will begin in August 1173. There is however, a possibility that the campo Santo and the cemetery will be completed before the campanile is built. TheCampo dei Mira coli will be a splendiferous collection of Romanesque architecture in the whole of Italy. The cathedral with its white and gray lined marbles bristling with arches and columns and an Islamic dome similar to that of a domed baptistery will be surrounded by a pea green lawn. Neighboring one side of the cemetery, the camposanto or piazza will be a graciously elongated cloister. The cloister will enclose the burial ground that was used mostly in the Crusades of Golgotha3. The tower will have eight stories, the bells chamber included. The bottommost story will consist

Introduction to Business Accounting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Introduction to Business Accounting - Essay Example Secondly, there are different ways of calculating same ratios, which makes the comparison difficult, and interpretation is subjective too (Wiley 1998). This is important as comparison between companies and industries becomes difficult as they use different definitions of accounting items, which are part of the financial ratio analysis. Thirdly, when industry analysis is done using ratio analysis then it is often difficult to define the set of companies that may be considered to be in direct competition with the company and thus makes comparison quite subjective. Fourthly, there are some financial elements, which are based on estimations and thus can affect the outcome of ratio analysis. Finally, difference in accounting standards and policies of companies and country of origins makes the comparison difficult (Keown, et al. 2005). The Income Statement provides information regarding the companys performance over an accounting period (Dodge 1997). It provides details of the revenues generated by business and cost of operations to generate those revenues. The different between revenue and cost of sales is referred to as gross profit. Moreover, it provides information regarding expenses incurred by the company over the period, which may be variable or fixed in relation to the revenues generated. After deduction of expenses from the gross profit from operations or profit before interest and tax is derived. The next information element that the income statement provides is the amount of interest paid by the company in lieu of its debt obligations. Then the tax amount is disclosed which is deducted from profit amount to arrive at profits from continuing operations. Any receipt or payment related to extraordinary items activities is added or subtracted to derive net profit attributable to common shareholders and mino rity shareholders. It also gives information related

The Byzantine Empire

The Byzantine Empire The Byzantine Empire The Byzantine Empire lasted from the fall of the Western Roman Empire in 467 A.D. to 1453 A.D., when Constantinople was lost to the Ottoman Turks. In its thousand year history Byzantium had many important rulers although Justinian and Theodora were perhaps the greatest among them. After Western Rome fell the Eastern emperors still saw themselves as rulers of all of Rome. In the year 527 Justinian, succeeded his uncle as emperor and Justinian make this a reality. After many campaigns lead by his best general, Belisarius, Justinian had conquered all the territory Rome ever ruled and could now truly call himself a Caesar. Justinian did not rule the empire alone, his wife Theodora also worked with foreign leaders, passed laws, and took part in politics. In 532, during the Nika Rebellion, Theodora convinced Justinian to stay in the city when he had wanted to flee to safety. To rule his vast empire Justinian created a set of laws know as the Justinian code. Justinian created the code from old Roman laws that still applied for Justinians time. Byzantium was constantly attacked from its beginning to its end. Thus, the Byzantines became skilled warriors and shrewd diplomats. They employed tactics such as diplomacy, bribery, and military power to fight their foes. Like the fallen Eastern Empire they found that they could trust mercenaries, sometimes even more than their own soldiers. A company of Scandinavian mercenaries known as the Varangian Guard remained under the control of the Byzantine emperor and they could be trusted far more than Byzantine soldiers. The Byzantine Imperial flag is yellow with a double-headed eagle wearing black crowns. The double-headed eagle was the symbol of the Palaiologos, the last Byzantine dynasty to rule from Constantinople from 1258-1453. The double-headed eagle symbolized the dynastys interests in both Asia and Europe, and was kept despite the fact that nearly all of the Empires Asian possessions were seized by the Ottomans. The two headed eagle would eventually become identified with the empire itself, and with institutions outside the Byzantine Empire that were connected to Constantinople. Thus, it is not surprising that the flag was in use by the Russian Czars and the Greek Orthodox Church. Another flag of the Byzantine Empire is a combination of the St. George cross (which is a red cross on a white field) and the arms of the Palaiologos family (yellow crosses on a red field). The four symbols in the corners of the two crosses in the arms of the Palaiologos family could be either firesteels, which were used in badges of the Order of the Golden Fleece, or as the Greek letter Î’, which makes up the initial letters of the Paleologuess motto: Î’Î ±ÃÆ'ÃŽ ¹ÃŽ »ÃŽ µÃâ€¦Ãâ€š Î’Î ±ÃÆ'ÃŽ ¹ÃŽ »ÃŽ µÃâ€°ÃŽ ½ Î’Î ±ÃÆ'ÃŽ ¹ÃŽ »ÃŽ µÃâ€¦Ãâ€°ÃŽ ½ Î’Î ±ÃÆ'ÃŽ ¹ÃŽ »ÃŽ µÃâ€¦ÃÆ'ÃŽ ¹ÃŽ ½ which means: King of Kings, ruling over Kings. The Byzantine Empire also developed its own unique culture that separated it from its Roman ancestors while still preserving Greco-Roman culture and its many great works. Justinian worked to beautify Constantinople by repairing buildings and building a stone wall along its Western half. He also built the Hagia Sophia, which was considered to be the greatest church built in medieval times and still stands today. The Hagia Sophia symbolizes the union of Church and State in the Byzantine Empire. Byzantine art was heavily influenced by its Roman ancestors, which was influenced by Greek art. Therefore Byzantine artists never lost sight of their classical heritage. Because of this, the Roman art of creating mosaics was retained by the Byzantines. Byzantine art, while influenced by its ancestors, had developed its unique style. Byzantine painting and mosaics use many colors and figures but the figures were typically seen as stiff or flat. The figures have large eyes with golden or gold tone d backgrounds and were mainly produced for churches and as such the art often portrays people as somber and solemn. Byzantine art also shows only a small attempt made at creating realism. Throughout the centuries Byzantine emperors issued coins in gold (the solidus), silver, and copper. Their picture and name would be imprinted on the coins. The main function of coins was the collection of taxes. Works Cited American Museum of Natural History. American Museum of Natural History. Web. 26 Dec. 2009. . Awesome Planet. Www.awesomeplanet.org. Web. 26 Dec. 2009. . Constantinople. Web. 26 Dec. 2009. . Democracy frontline. Web. 26 Dec. 2009. . Globe Hoppers. Web. 26 Dec. 2009. . Harris, Jonathan. Byzantium and the Crusades. New York and London: Hambleton and London, 2003. Print. Herrin, Judith. Byzantium The Surprising Life of a Medieval Empire. Princeton: Princeton UP, 2008. Print. The History Guide. Steven Kreis. Web. 26 Dec. 2009. . Planetfigure. Jelsoft Enterprises Ltd. Web. 26 Dec. 2009. . Sherrard, Philip. Byzantium. New York: Time-Life Books, 1966. Print. Timothy Ministries. TimothyMinistries.org. Web. 26 Dec. 2009. . Treadgold, Warren. A Concise History of Byzantium. New York: Palgrave, 2001. Print. Weider History Group Online. Weider History Group. Web. 26 Dec. 2009.

Ernest Hemingway Legend Essay

Ernest Hemingway is the ideal of an American legend, rugged, no-nonsense, with personal adventures rivaled only by those in his groundbreaking fiction.   His sparse newspaper style created a literary furor and his success came early and grew until the day he died.   In addition to his canonical novels, Hemingway was also adept at short fiction, including one only six-words long.   Besides, his male bravado, he also managed to capture the alienating effects of modern life in his fiction.   The modern themes of abortion, feminism, and alienation are expressed simply and eloquently in â€Å"Hills Like White Elephants.† In the short story â€Å"Hills Like White Elephants,† Hemingway explores modern alienation in a tense discussion between a couple waiting for a train.   Two Americans in Spain, the man is trying to pressure the woman into some operation, though it is never revealed what this operation is.   Throughout the tense, yet sparse conversation, the man insists she have the operation, yet the woman resists.   It becomes increasingly clear that the operation they discuss may be an abortion, and the tension between the two symbolizes something uniquely modern.   Though abortions have been performed for centuries, it remained taboo until the twentieth century. Hemingway, though never specifically citing abortion as the subject in the story, displays the alienating effect it has on relationships and couples:   â€Å"‘It’s really an awfully simple operation, Jig,’ the man said. ‘It’s not really an operation at all.’   The girl looked at the ground the table legs rested on. ‘I know you wouldn’t mind it, Jig. It’s really not anything. It’s just to let the air in’† (Hemingway).   The man refuses to completely acknowledge the significance of the situation, perhaps suggesting either his refusal or dismissal of Jig’s role as a woman worthy of making her own decision. According to critic Paul Lankin, â€Å"as the man persists in opposing the continuance of Jig’s maternity, he grossly oversimplifies the issue, even to the point of self-contradiction, calling abortion first ‘an awfully simple operation’ and then ‘not really an operation at all’† (234).   His dismissive attitude speaks of a former socially acceptable condescension by men towards women during a time when women were often treated as second class citizens.   This frank discussion between the man and the woman seems only possible in modern literature and seems unimaginable during Victorian times. The tension between the man and the girl is palpable in the short story.   Though they are travelers, imbibing alcohol and waiting for the train to their next destination, the conversation is filled with underlying themes of male dominance and female perseverance.   The man continuously belittles the girl’s feelings towards the pregnancy, and his argument includes many attempts at downplaying the importance.   The man persistently tries to convince her, even though he seems to feign sincerity in much of his words: â€Å"‘Well,’ the man said, ‘if you don’t want to you don’t have to.   I wouldn’t have you do it if you didn’t want to.   But I know it’s perfectly simple’† (Hemingway).    The girl does her best to contend with the man, believing that if she listens to him the relationship will be back to normal.   She hides her worry with levity, including her comment about the hills looking like white elephants.   It becomes apparent that more than fear over the procedure, the girl is coming to the realization that her relationship with the man is not what she thought it was: â€Å"the girl clings to a dream of family and togetherness until the last minute, and finally decides to give it all up as the requisite price of staying with the man-not knowing, as the reader does, from the many hints provided by Hemingway, that the man is likely to leave her, even if she goes through with the abortion† (Hashmi 3). Her final declaration that she is fine is the affirmation that a man cannot dictate her womanhood and her life decisions.   In the end, she becomes the one with the strength and wisdom, understanding that the relationship is forever changed.   The newfound disconnect between the man and the girl will be permanent after this episode, exemplifying the theme of alienation brought by many modern decisions. Though the man believes that the only way to preserve the comfortable relationship is to maintain the status quo, even if it means aborting their baby, the woman disagrees.   The American tries to make himself sound perfectly reasonable and rational, but as the dialogue continues, it becomes clear that he is both selfish and hypocritical (â€Å"Overview: Hills Like White Elephants†). The couple’s disagreement, about something as monumental as creating human life, is a clear sign that they have little that bonds them other than their superficiality.   The girl even comments in the beginning of the story how, â€Å"That’s all we do, isn’t it – look at things and try new drinks?’† The man responds, â€Å"I guess so† (Hemingway).   Later, when the man claims that everything will be the same after the abortion and the baby is the only thing that made them unhappy, it seems like a statement lacking all truth. The very fact that keeping or aborting a baby is a choice, is a uniquely modern issue.   The reality of having to even consider it completely destroys their carefree lifestyle as travelers in Europe, and underlines their existences as solitary beings alienated from each other.   Ironically, the man claims that he only wants her and no one else, but his statements seem insincere. The girl realizes their alienation from each other and the happiness they once knew with the â€Å"claim that Europe ‘isn’t ours anymore,’ which expresses her knowledge that such an innocent return to a secularized American-in-Europe experience of time is impossible† (Grant 3).   Europe is not theirs to share, seemingly as if enjoyment is also no longer theirs to share.   The complexity of their modern dilemma illustrates the true distance between them. Hemingway’s story is one that could only be written during modern times.   Though not many years removed from the Victorian Age, the themes of abortion, feminine independence, and modern alienation have continued to echo throughout the literature of modernity.   While short and devoid of lengthy descriptions, the dialogue and significant themes give â€Å"Hills Like White Elephants† a lasting power that only continues to grow as time goes by. Works Cited: Grant, David. â€Å"Hemingway’s ‘Hills Like White Elephants’ and the tradition of the American in Europe.† Studies in Short Fiction. Summer, 1998. 25 July 2008. . Hashmi, Nilofer. â€Å"‘Hills Like White Elephants’: The Jilting Of Jig.† The Hemingway Review.   Fall 2003. 25 July 2008. . Hemingway, Ernest. â€Å"Hills Like White Elephants.† The Heath Anthology of American Literature.   Lauter, Paul.   3rd Ed.   Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1998. â€Å"Hills Like White Elephants.† Short Stories for Students, Vol. 6. The Gale Group, 1999. Lankin, Paul. â€Å"Hemingway’s Hills Like White Elephants.† The Explicator. Summer 2005; v63.